Answer: option C. side-effect
Externality is an economic term, used to refer the damage or benefit that an individual or community experience, due to the activity of other agents who are pursuing other objective.
For example, when a enterprise burns fuel to produce energy, the increase of CO2 is an externality.
Draw a curve that shows the relationship between quantity and total revenue when the demand curve for umbrellas is linear increases.
If demand is elastic (price elasticity > 1), price and total sales are negatively related. In other words, an increase in price leads to a decrease in total sales.
Revenue is the amount of money generated WITHOUT subtracting the costs of business. In economics, the total sales test is a means of determining whether demand is elastic or inelastic. If an increase in price leads to an increase in total sales, demand is said to be inelastic because the increase in price does not significantly affect the quantity demanded.
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Answer:
1. Which of the excluded items represent ongoing costs of running the business and which are one-time "special" costs?
it depends on the company and the actual transactions, e.g. equity based compensation might be a one time special cost because it occurred only once and is doubtful that it happens again. But if the company regularly rewards its top managers with this type of compensation, then it is an ongoing cost. E.g. Tesla awarded a HHHHUUUUUUGGGGGGGEEEEEEE bonus to Elon Musk (worth hundreds of millions) but it was a one time event. While many companies use equity compensation on a regular basis.
Severance and related employee "rebalancing" costs generally take place when a company fires a lot of people because it is cutting down some division or product line. Hopefully, they should never happen, and if they do, it should be only a one time event.
Fees paid to consultants and interest expenses are ongoing costs that will probably occur in the future.
Losses related to the abandonment of excess facility space and a facility fire should be one time events. It would be really bad for them to keep happening (same as severance and rebalancing costs)
Monthly Salary: $1200
Monthly food bills: $240
% of monthly salary spent on food is 20%.
