Congestive heart failure, often known as heart failure, is a clinical illness defined by signs and symptoms of fluid overflow or insufficient tissue perfusion.
Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to fulfil the tissues' oxygen and nutritional requirements.
- The phrase heart failure refers to myocardial illness in which there is difficulty with heart contraction (systolic dysfunction) or heart filling (diastolic dysfunction), which may or may not produce pulmonary or systemic congestion.
- Heart failure is often a progressive, life-long illness that is controlled with lifestyle modifications and drugs to avoid bouts of acute decompensated heart failure.
MANAGEMENT OF HEART FAILURE
Pharmacologic Treatment
<u><em>Inhibitors of ACE.</em></u>
- ACE inhibitors delay the evolution of heart failure, increase exercise tolerance, reduce hospitalizations for heart failure, and promote vasodilation and diuresis by lowering afterload and preload.
<u><em>Blockers of the angiotensin II receptor.</em></u>
- ARBs inhibit angiotensin I conversion at the angiotensin II receptor, resulting in lower blood pressure, lower systemic vascular resistance, and enhanced cardiac output.
<u><em>Beta Blockers </em></u>
- Beta-blockers mitigate the negative consequences of persistent sympathetic nervous system activation.
<u><em>Diuretics.</em></u>
- In patients with indications and symptoms of fluid overload, diuretics are administered to eliminate excess extracellular fluid by raising the rate of urine production.
<u><em>Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)</em></u>.
- CCBs produce vasodilation, which lowers systemic vascular resistance however, they are not recommended for individuals with systolic HF.
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