An action potential involves potassium ions moving <u>outside </u>the cell and sodium ions moving <u>inside </u>the cell.
<h3>how does it action potential work?</h3>
Neurons have a negative concentration gradient most of the time, meaning there are more positively charged ions outside than inside the cell. This regular state of a negative concentration gradient is called resting membrane potential. During the resting membrane potential there are:
more sodium ions outside than inside the neuron
more potassium ions inside than outside the neuron
The concentration of ions isn’t static though! Ions are flowing in and out of the neuron constantly as the ions try to equalize their concentrations. The cell however maintains a fairly consistent negative concentration gradient (between -40 to -90 millivolts). How?
The neuron cell membrane is super permeable to potassiumions, and so lots of potassium leaks out of the neuron through potassium leakage channels (holes in the cell wall).
The neuron cell membrane is partially permeable to sodium ions, so sodium atoms slowly leak into the neuron through sodium leakage channels.
The cell wants to maintain a negative resting membrane potential, so it has a pump that pumps potassium back into the cell and pumps sodium out of the cell at the same time.
Monosaccharides and disaccharides also
called sugars. Have sweet taste, water-soluble. Disaccharide output of two
monosaccharides are the same or different when hydrolyzed. Monosaccharide a carbohydrate that can’t be
hydrolyzed to simpler carbohydrate units.
Polysaccharides are extended polymers of monosaccharide units joined by
O-glycosidic linkages. Energy storage.
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