Answer:
Variations are caused by mutation. random mating between organisms.
Explanation:
Answer:
a. Rotation of the shaft protein driven by the proton gradient
Explanation:
The F1 portion of ATP synthase is hydrophilic and responsible for hydrolyzing ATP. The F1 unit protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix space. ... γ subunit allows β to go through conformational changes (i.e., closed, half open, and open states) that allow for ATP to be bound and released once synthesized.
The proton gradient produced by proton pumping during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP. Protons flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP.
Answer:
1) Altering the DNA of organisms is considered controversial because we do not know what circumstances might occur if the DNA which is being altered turns out to have adverse effect on the organism. There are also concerns that altering the genome and producing organisms with better traits might eradicate the particular wild type organisms on the whole.
2)Yes, there should definitely be a guideline as to who can you the recombinant DNA technology and up to what limits. If guidelines are not set up then it can lead to serious devastating results. We might end up making manipulations which can be very harmful for life. Hence, recombinant DNA technology should be used with much care and under strict guidelines.
3) The techniques in recombinant DNA technology has enable us to make precise changes in the DNA at a higher frequency but certain guidelines shall be set up to control the devastating results which might occur. The concern related to life shall be the first and foremost concern while practicing such techniques.
THAT IS THE FINAL STAGE IN WHICH IT HAS BECOME HARDENED
