Answer:
The answer is: underperform passive fixed-income indexes by an amount equal to fund expenses
Explanation:
According to Blake, Elton, and Gruber (The Journal of Business, 1993), the only people who benefit from actively managed bond mutual funds are those that work for the mutual funds and not their clients.
They discovered that when the mutual funds increased their fees in 1%, the total performance decreases in 1%. 
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer: Decentralized 
Explanation: In a decentralized organisation, the seniors in the organisation transfers the authority and responsibility to their subordinates. 
This is done by the seniors with the objective of effective running of operations within. The employees in such organisations usually remain more motivated than others.
In the given case, Infososft is encouraging their employees to take their own decisions while dealing with customers. Hence the transfer of authority for decision making is evident.
From the above we can conclude that the correct option is A. 
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer: $455,000
Explanation:
As the question states what will be the pledges receivable for 20x8 therefore, we will calculate all the pledges:
$35,000 + $20,000 + $400,000 = $455,000
Hence, the answer is $455,000 as we take into account all the pledges for the year 20x8.
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
a)
Pre-tax Cost Of Debt = 7.64%
b) 
Tax Rate = 40%    
Post Tax cost of debt = 7.33% * (1 - 40%) = 4.58%  
So Post Tax cost of Debt = 4.58%
Explanation:
Bond Par Value =  12,900,000  
Bond Market Price 93% of face value = 11,997,000  
Years To maturity = 5.00  
Annual Interest 5.9% = 761,100
Formula = [Annual Interest + (Par Value-Market Value) / Years to Maturity] / [(Par value+Market Price*2)/3]
Year To Maturity = [761100 + (12900000 - 11997000) / 5] / (12900000 + 2*11997000) / 3
Year to maturity = 7.33%
 
        
             
        
        
        
I believe it would be a credit card. Hope it helps! :)