<span>Prolonged stress due to sustained child abuse is associated with reductions in the size of the: hippocampus </span>
<h2>a,d,b,c is the correct order</h2>
Explanation:
Before oxygen is picked up in the lungs by hemoglobin, it first diffuses through (a) alveolar cells,d) capillary walls (b) blood plasma, (c) red blood cell plasma membranes
- Although oxygen dissolves in blood, only a small amount of oxygen is transported this way,1.5 percent of oxygen in the blood is dissolved directly into the blood itself and most oxygen—98.5 percent—is bound to a protein called hemoglobin and carried to the tissues
- Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein molecule found in red blood cells (erythrocytes) made of four subunits: two alpha subunits and two beta subunits
- Each subunit surrounds a central heme group that contains iron and binds one oxygen molecule, allowing each hemoglobin molecule to bind four oxygen molecules
- Molecules with more oxygen bound to the heme groups are brighter red because of which oxygenated arterial blood where the Hb is carrying four oxygen molecules is bright red, while venous blood that is deoxygenated is darker red
- At the same time, carbon dioxide that is dissolved in the blood comes out of the capillaries back into the air sacs, ready to be breathed out
- Oxygenated blood travels from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and into the left side of the heart, which pumps the blood to the rest of the body
- Oxygen-deficient, carbon dioxide-rich blood returns to the right side of the heart through two large veins, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
- Then the blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
In contrast to DNA damage, a mutation is a change in the base sequence of the DNA. A mutation cannot be recognized by enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, and thus a mutation cannot be repaired. At the cellular level, mutations can cause alterations in protein function and regulation
