“20.2 Graphical representation of vectors (ESAGK)
Vectors are drawn as arrows. An arrow has both a magnitude (how long it is) and a direction (the direction in which it points). The starting point of a vector is known as the tail and the end point is known as the head.”
Answer
:When thermal energy is added to a substance, its temperature increases, which can change its state from solid to liquid (melting), liquid to gas (vaporization), or solid to gas (sublimation). ... When the pressure exerted on a substance increases, it can cause the substance to condense.
The immense amount of information stored in DNA is coded with just four base nucleotides. These four nucleotides are paired by twos to form <u>complementary </u>DNA chains.
The makeup of DNA is limited to two <u>pairs </u>of nucleotides bases. One of these pairs is a pyrimidine base whilst the other forms a purine base. The four nucleotides that will make up the entire DNA code are:
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
- Thymine (T).
A and G will pair to form the purine base, meanwhile, Cytosine pairs with Thymine to form the <em>pyrimidine base</em>. As per the entire DNA code, A will always pair with G.
Whilst C always pairs with T. This is due to the very nature of the nucleotides themselves and will not change throughout the synthesis or duplication of DNA. Therefore, to complete the complementary strand described in the assignment we must match the letter given with its corresponding base pair, using this rule of DNA.
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Answer:
Weight stress
Explanation:
Analyzing FDA-regulated nutrition labels is a way to manage weight stress. It helps to improve your body:weight ratio.
The DNA polymerases are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from one original DNA molecule. During this process, DNA polymerase “reads” the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones.
Every time a cell divides, DNA polymerase is required to help duplicate the cell’s DNA, so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each of the daughter cells. In this way, genetic information is transmitted from generation to generation.
Before replication can take place, an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form. This opens up or “unzips” the double stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used as templates for replication.
DNA polymerase adds new free nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly-forming strand, elongating it in a 5’ to 3’ direction. However, DNA polymerase cannot begin the formation of this new chain on its own and can only add nucleotides to a pre-existing 3'-OH group. A primer is therefore needed, at which nucleotides can be added. Primers are usually composed of RNA and DNA bases and the first two bases are always RNA. These primers are made by another enzyme called primase.
Although the function of DNA polymerase is highly accurate, a mistake is made for about one in every billion base pairs copied. The DNA is therefore “proofread” by DNA polymerase after it has been copied so that misplaced base pairs can be corrected. This preserves the integrity of the original DNA strand that is passed onto the daughter cells.

A surface representation of human DNA polymerase β (Pol β), a central enzyme in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Image Credit: niehs.nih.gov
Structure of DNA polymerase
The structure of DNA polymerase is highly conserved, meaning their catalytic subunits vary very little from one species to another, irrespective of how their domains are structured. This highly conserved structure usually indicates that the cellular functions they perform are crucial and irreplaceable and therefore require rigid maintenance to ensure their evolutionary advantage.
