The genetic variations seen in and between populations are known as human genetic variation.
Humans differ genetically from one another. Due to developmental mutations and gene copy-number variation, even monozygotic twins, who arise from a single zygote, may differ genetically. Techniques like genetic fingerprinting rely on individual differences, even between closely related people.
There are 324 million identified variations from sequenced human genomes as of 2017.
A person's genome typically differs from the reference genome by 20 million base pairs, or 0.6% of the total 3.2 billion base pairs, as of 2015.
In contrast to other species, humans are genetically uniform. While a limited number of genetic variations are found more commonly in particular geographic regions or in individuals with ancestry from those places, this variance accounts for the majority of genetic variation.
Genetic variation between populations occurs for at least three reasons. If an allele offers a competitive advantage, natural selection may endow people with an adaptive advantage in a particular environment.
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