Question

The pollination of an orange tree's flowers by honeybees best illustrates the pollination of an orange tree's flowers by honeybees best illustrates:_______
a) parasitism.
b) mutualism.
c) commensalism.
d) amensalism.

Answer 1

The pollination of an orange tree's flowers by honeybees best illustrates mutualism.

Mutualism refers to the ecological interaction between two or more species in which each species benefits.  Mutualism is a type of ecological interaction that occurs frequently. Most vascular plants have mutualistic interactions with mycorrhizae, flowering plants are pollinated by animals, vascular plants are dispersed by animals, and corals have zooxanthellae, among many others. Mutualism contrasts with interspecific competition, in which each species loses fitness, and exploitation, or parasitism, in which one species gains at the "expense" of the other.

Mutualism is frequently confused with two other ecological phenomena: cooperation and symbiosis. Cooperation most commonly refers to increases in fitness caused by within-species (intraspecific) interactions, but it has also been used (particularly in the past) to refer to mutualistic interactions, and it is sometimes used to refer to non-obligate mutualistic interactions.

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