Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins conducted experiments using X-ray crystallography to study the structure of the DNA. Their experiments produced the famous photo 51, the first evidence on the structure of the DNA. Their work showed that DNA is double-stranded and forming a helix. They also showed that the nitrogenous bases are on the inside of the strands and that the phosphates are on the outside. Watson and Crick used these observations to develop their model on the molecular structure of the DNA.
Vaccines introduce small amounts of dead viruses or harmful cells into the body in order to teach the body how to effectively fight said virus/cell
An increase in labeled carbon in fungi
Fungi receive carbon from the plant, while the plant receives phosphorus and nitrogen from the fungi
Answer:
mutation rates can be used to design molecular clocks in order to estimate divergence times among species
Explanation:
In evolutionary biology, the substitution rates (also known as mutation rates) are used for the development of 'molecular clocks' which allow estimating the divergence times among species or among taxonomic groups. Molecular clocks can be designed by estimating the divergence rate of nucleotide sequences (either DNA or RNA) and amino acid (protein) sequences. These substitution rates can also be used to track how quickly viruses evolve (for example, in a pandemic situation).
