The federal courts' authority is set by Congress. However, in some circumstances, the Supreme Court is given original jurisdiction by the Constitution, a power that cannot be revoked by Congress, as in the instance of a dispute between two or more U.S. states.
The federal court system is endowed with judicial authority by Article III of the Constitution of the United States. Article III, Section 1 expressly establishes the U.S. Supreme Court and grants Congress the power to establish the subordinate federal courts.
The federal courts' size and organization are largely under Congress' jurisdiction under the Constitution, and over the first century of the Republic, Congress passed many laws that altered the size of the Supreme Court.
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