Proportional representation (PR) is a term used to describe a range of electoral systems in which the distribution of seats corresponds closely with the proportion of the total votes cast for each party or individual candidate. PR offers alternatives to first past the post and other majoritarian voting systems based on single-member electoral areas, which tend to produce disproportionate outcomes and to have a bias in favour of larger political groups. PR systems by contrast tend to offer a better chance of representation to smaller parties and groups. There are many different forms of proportional representation. Some are focused solely on achieving the proportional representation of different political parties (such as list PR) while others permit the voter to choose between individual candidates (such as STV-PR). The degree of proportionality also varies; it is determined by factors such as the precise formula used to allocate seats, the number of seats in each constituency or in the elected body as a whole, and the level of any minimum threshold for election.
Both Lincoln and John Brown believed slavery to be a bad thing. However, Brown believed that violence was the only way to solve this, while Lincoln believed compromising and unity to be a better approach.
Malcolm X promoted that idea of "separating the races" of white and black as one of the answers to the race problem in the United States, since he believed the two races could never truly live peacefully in a fully-integrated society.
