Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.[1][2][3]
The discoverer of genetics is Gregor Mendel, a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinian friar. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including epigenetics and population genetics. Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukarya).
Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture. The intracellular or extracellular environment of a cell or organism may switch gene transcription on or off. A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate. While the average height of the two corn stalks may be genetically determined to be equal, the one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment.
People, coal, and gasoline are sources of CO2
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As the temperature of the water goes up, the amount and spatial extent of the kelp goes down. These changes could result in dramatic habitat loss leading to reduced ecosystem productivity and the extinction of many invertebrate species.
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Bacteria that are non-controlled or destroyed by antibiotics are antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the presence of an antibiotic, they will live and even develop. At least certain antibiotics can become immune to most infection-causing bacteria.
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Some bacteria are immune to such antibiotics naturally. In most species found within the human digestive system, for example, benzylpenicillin has very little impact.
Catalysts are substances that cause a chemical reaction to occur in a different way than it would otherwise happen without that catalyst – a catalyst could cause a reaction to happen at a faster rate, or at a lower temperature, than would be possible without the catalyst.<span>
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