There are four monoclonal antibodies (MAB) which specifically recognize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) together with their use in new methods for detecting and characterizing dsRNA in unfractionated nucleic acid extracts. The specificity of the antibodies was analyzed using a panel of 27 different synthetic and naturally occurring nucleic acids. All four antibodies reacted in a highly specific manner with long dsRNA helices, irrespective of their sequence; no binding to single-stranded RNA homopolymers or to DNA or RNA-DNA hybrids were observed.
Monoclonal antibodies
A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell.
Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, binding only to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different antibody-secreting plasma cell lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one monoclonal antibody to two epitopes.
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Answer:
c. Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions.
Explanation:
The primary motor cortex is an area in the brain that is responsible for the control and regulation of activities that involves movement of the body as well as the postures they body takes which we also refer to as motor skills.
The primary motor cortex sends signals in the form of nerve impulses to the brain and this in turn helps in the maintenance of the motor skills that is carried out by the body.
Not only does the damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions, it also causes other losses such as constant contraction of the muscles also know as spasticity, involuntary muscle contraction also referred to as clonus.
The first one, ii. Natural selection and the formation of inseticide resistant insects or antibiotic resistant bacteria.
This can be explained in very simple way. As we all know, natural selection works in a way that only that adapted living beings are going to survive through a specific environment, whether it's because they can grab their food without too much work, or even that they can adapt to the weather. When we use inseticide, we are killing lots of non-resistant insects, and what's left are those that are resistant to this inseticide, and they'll reproduce again, and again we'll go through the same process, but remember, this insect is now stronger and more resistant that before.
The second case, iii. speciation and isolation give three examples how it may occur.
Well. the allopatric speciation and isolation will happen when theres a geographic barrier between one species. This one then is divided into two diffent habitats, but what can divide than could be a mountain, a tree, a river, a rock, anything. And this could be too called as a geographic isolation, because in this new environment, species are going to develop in a different way.
The moon has less gravity because it is smaller than the Earth.
Answer: Las orugas, larvas de mariposas y polillas, se alimentan casi exclusivamente de plantas. La mayoría de las orugas mastican felizmente las hojas, aunque algunas se alimentan de otras partes de la planta, como semillas o flores, mientras que durante la etapa de adulto, la mariposa se alimenta de néctar y pasa de ser un herbívoro a ser un importante polinizador.
Explanation:
