The correct answer is: 4) Standing defenses are always present; induced defenses develop in response to a threat
Induced defense is defense that can be changed or invoked when needed. Induced defenses are slow to happen. When invoked, induced defense requires energy but otherwise doesn’t.
Standing defense is always there. It is use, for example when predation is a constant threat.
Sun is the primary source of energy. There exists some loss of energy when the energy transfers through successive trophic levels. ... So the energy would be always decreasing as we go to higher trophic levels, it can never d ecrease. Therefore, we cannot have an inverted pyramid of energy.
