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The main reason was the revolt of his army. Fearing the prospect of facing other large armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (Beas), refusing to march farther east.
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The passage of the GI Bill changed American cities and towns in that it gave returning veterans more economic opportunities, which allowed them to leave the cities.
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During the Industrial Revolution, environmental pollution increased with the use of new sources of fuel, the development of large factories, and the rise of unsanitary urban centers.
After Mexico's defeat on the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo came into action. The U.S. was recquired to pay 15 million dollars as compensation for damages, while taking ownership of the territories of California, half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, Utah and parts of Wyoming and Colorado.
Mexicans that were settled in these territories, had the choice to relocate within the new limits of their country, or stay and receive American citizenship with full civil rights. This had quite big implications in U.S. culture as it became more racially diverse. In the following censuses between 1850 and 1920 most annexed mexicans were counted as "white", but in reality, segregation only grew with time and continues to do so until this day, with mexican-native americans being considered foreigners almost universally. At the same time, mexican migration to these areas also continued to rise over the years, making the contrast bigger.
Politically, we can say Mexico wasn't in a bad position in terms of their negotiation power. The U.S. had shown itself hesitant to annex Mexico's territories and having deep domestic divisions in regards to the aims and justification for the expansion. However, the military power of the U.S. overshadowed all of that and their victory was definite. The treaty established a pattern of political inequality between the two countries, and this lopsided relationship has stalked Mexican-U.S. relations ever since.
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Hundreds of gold-seekers died and were buried along the trail. The strain took a toll on the oxen and mules as well. As they traveled, forty-niners lightened the load by throwing out everything they didn't need--from cookstoves and furniture to barrels of flour.
