The Protestant Reformation in Europe in the first half of the 16th century seriously challenged the Roman Catholic Church. Before Martin Luther publicized his “95 Theses” attacking church corruption in 1517, virtually all Europeans belonged to the Catholic Church, but just 20 years later much of the continent belonged to the Reformed, or Protestant, church. Luther’s critique of the existing church had become a new denomination in its own right. The Catholic Church was forced to respond, and did so in several different ways during a period known as the Counter-Reformation.
<span>In the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education, written by Chief Just Earl Warren, the Supreme Court decided that having "separate but equal" schools for African American children and for white children was not in fact equal and violated the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment.</span>
There have been successful acts of resistance and consolidations of liberty in America since its foundation as the thirteen English colonies.
The first act of resistance that consolidated liberty was the American Revolution. It wrestled liberty from the English Monarchy and gave the Americans a voice in how government ruled. The days of <em>taxation without representation</em> came to a near end.
The Shays' Rebellion (1786 to 1787) was another landmark resistance to an oppressive government. It involved armed uprisings in Massachusetts and Worcester because of the debt crisis and continued imposition of <em>taxation without representation</em> by the Continental Government of the state. The Shays' Rebellion prompted the drafting of the Constitution of the Federal Republic with the accompanying Bill of Rights. To date, the Bill of Rights has become the centerpiece of all resistance to the usurpation of liberty.
Lastly, the Civil Rights Movement (1954 - 1968) nailed the coffin of <em>white supremacy, black slavery, and segregation</em>. The Supreme Court backed the movement with its landmark ruling, in <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em>, that overturned <em>"the separate but equal facilities"</em> doctrine (Jim Crow obnoxious laws) that enveloped the liberty of America's people of color for many centuries.
Thus, the remaining constraints to acts of resistance include the eradication of American Nazism and the full acceptance of the principles of the Constitution, which recognized that all peoples are created equal before God.
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