<em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em> (1896) was a Supreme Court decision that upheld the principle of "separate but equal" in regard to racial segregation. The Court's decision said that separate, segregated public facilities were acceptable as long as the facilities offered were equal in quality.
In the decades after the Civil War, states in the South began to pass laws that sought to keep white and black society separate. In the 1880s, a number of state legislatures began to pass laws requiring railroads to provide separate cars for passengers who were black. At the heart of the case that became <em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em> was an 1890 law passed in Louisiana in 1890 that required railroads to provide "separate railway carriages for the white and colored races.”
In 1892, Homer Plessy, who was 1/8 black, bought a first class train railroad ticket, took a seat in the whites only section, and then informed the conductor that he was part black. He was removed from the train and jailed. He argued for his civil rights before Judge John Howard Ferguson and was found guilty. His case went all the way to the Supreme Court which at that time upheld the idea of "separate but equal" facilities.
Several decades later, the 1896 <em>Plessy v. Ferguson </em>decision was overturned. <em>Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka</em>, decided by the US Supreme Court in 1954, extended civil liberties to all Americans in regard to access to education. The "separate but equal" principle of <em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em> had been applied to education as it had been to transportation. In the case of <em>Brown v. Board of Education</em>, that standard was challenged and defeated. Segregation was shown to create inequality, and the Supreme Court unanimously ruled segregation to be unconstitutional.
A powerful government official is arrested for breaking the law would be an amazing example for that.
17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)
The Constitution, as it was adopted in 1788, made the Senate an assembly where the states would have equal representation. Each state legislature would elect two senators to 6-year terms. Late in the 19th century, some state legislatures deadlocked over the election of a senator when different parties controlled different houses, and Senate vacancies could last months or years. In other cases, special interests or political machines gained control over the state legislature. Progressive reformers dismissed individuals elected by such legislatures as puppets and the Senate as a "millionaire’s club" serving powerful private interests.
One Progressive response to these concerns was the "Oregon system," which utilized a state primary election to identify the voters’ choice for Senator while pledging all candidates for the state legislature to honor the primary’s result. Over half of the states adopted the "Oregon system," but the 1912 Senate investigation of bribery and corruption in the election of Illinois Senator William Lorimer indicated that only a constitutional amendment mandating the direct election of Senators by a state’s citizenry would allay public demands for reform.
When the House passed proposed amendments for the direct election of Senators in 1910 and 1911, they included a "race rider" meant to bar Federal intervention in cases of racial discrimination among voters. This would be done by vesting complete control of Senate elections in state governments. A substitute amendment by Senator Joseph L. Bristow of Kansas provided for the direct election of Senators without the "race rider." It was adopted by the Senate on a close vote before the proposed constitutional amendment itself passed the Senate. Over a year later, the House accepted the change, and on April 8, 1913, the resolution became the 17th amendment.
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He is shown with a bag of money because as a head because tweed's thoughts were dictated by greed
Nast portrays Boss Tweed as larger than life
