It was trench warfare that was used to a great extent in World War I. This led to a significant elongation of the conflict, since targeting soldiers was much harder.
The Rhine River (sorry about the late answer)
I would say that these terms illustrate that directions and words like "middle" are relative. For the Europeans China was far east from their point of view, but for China it was in the middle of what was relevant for them. It also shows that each place considers its own place as the center of their world: every other place will be seen through its relation with it.
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The Neolithic revolution is the transit of societies from gathering and hunting to agriculture and settlement. Cities appeared near large rivers, the division of labor and social organization began. This led to the rise of a political hierarchy and the first organized forsm of government.
The Industrial Revolution transformed national economies from being largely agrarian to becoming industrialized in the 19th century; machines and new inventions replaced manual work and handicrafts; the process of urbanization made cities larger. In this context, new political organizations and new forms of doing politics were born, and dominant political parties or elites came to represent the interests of the industrialist class, the owners of factories.
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