The higher the taxpayer's after-tax rate of return because deferring the distribution decrease the present value of the taxes paid on the distribution.
The required details about tax rate is mentioned below.
The tax rate in a tax system is the ratio (typically represented as a percentage) at which a business or individual gets taxed. A tax rate can be presented in numerous ways: statutory, average, marginal, and effective. These rates can also be provided using two types of tax base definitions: inclusive and exclusive.
A sales tax may have a flat statutory rate while an income tax may have numerous statutory rates for different income levels.
The statutory tax rate is always higher than the effective tax rate because it is expressed as a percentage.
The average tax rate is the ratio of total taxes paid to total tax base.
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Answer:
Incorporates the timing of cash flows.
Explanation:
The Accounting Rate of Return uses accrual accounting in order to determine net income instead of actual cash flows like the NPV, payback period or IRR.
ARR = average annual income / average investment.
For example, an increase in accounts receivable is not considered an increase in net cash flows, but it is considered part of total revenue which increases net income
Answer:
3%
Explanation:
Data provided as per the question
Nominal interest rate = 100%
Inflation rate = 7%
The computation of the real interest rate is shown below:-
Real interest rate = Nominal interest rate - Inflation rate
= 10% - 7%
= 3%
Therefore, for computing the real interest rate we simply deduct the inflation rate from the nominal interest rate.
Answer:
The Shift from Artisan to Factory Worker and the Factory System
a) The Shift from Artisan to Factory Worker: Earlier, people produced everything they needed by their own hands. Food production was limited to subsistence level as every household owned farms on which they cultivated the food the family required. The artisan worked alone to handcraft tools and other ornamental works.
But, all this changed with the invention of the steam engine. Following the improved systems of transportation with steamboats, travelling was enhanced. Gradually, production processes were mechanized. Factories started springing up in concentrated areas near water channels. People left their rural areas to live near the factories in towns and cities. With the birth of the factory system, goods were mass-produced and could be sold in markets farther from the factory towns.
It was the age of industrialization, trade unionization, assembly line production, scientific management, and now complete automation of processes with robots replacing manual labor. It has been a long way.
b) Advantages of the Factory System:
- Hunger was reduced as more food items were produced and processed into finer products on a large scale.
- Exports of goods were encouraged and more markets outside the domestic markets were explored.
- The world became a global village with the pursuit of the common good of man, thereby levelling human beings to a common humanity and experience.
- More sophisticated goods and equipment can now be produced as a result of the factory system. Manual labor has been eased greatly.
- The factory system introduced scientific management, which has ensured production innovations and encouraged skills development.
c) Disadvantages of the Factory System:
- The artisan was rendered jobless by the factory system as some of the tools and goods which only the artisan could produced was commonalized to the extent that unskilled laborers could produce them, just by each concentrating on a part through the principle of division of labor.
- The factory system created urbanization with its attendant problems, especially sanitation problems and pollution of the environment. People's health has been jeopardized as a result.
- The factory system also created the consumerism culture.
- It widened wealth-inequality as wealth creation became concentrated in the hands of a few people.
Explanation:
The factory system encourages a method of manufacturing through the use of machines, automation, and division of labour. It gave rise to urbanization, transportation efficiency, and globalization.
