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vazorg [7]
3 years ago
13

Directions: Show all your work. Indicate clearly the methods you use, because you will be scored on the correctness of your meth

ods as well as on the accuracy and completeness of your results and explanations.
The students enrolled in honors biology at a high school were given the task of using a spreadsheet program to investigate a topic in genetics. All students in the class had similar background knowledge of the topic. Some students in the class had no spreadsheet experience, Group R, and needed time to learn the program to complete the task. The rest of the students, Group S, had previous spreadsheet experience and typically took less time to complete the task. Each of the histograms below show the distribution of completion times, in minutes, for one of the two groups.

The figure presents 2 histograms, which are titled “Histogram 1,” and “Histogram 2.” The horizontal axis on both histograms is labeled “Completion Time,” and the numbers 35 through 115, in increments of 10, are indicated. The vertical axis on both histograms is labeled “Frequency,” and the numbers 0 through 14, in increments of 2, are indicated. The data represented by the bars are as follows. Note that all values are approximate.

Question 1 (a) Of the two histograms shown, I and II, which is more likely to be the distribution of completion times for the students in Group R? Justify your answer.

Question 2 (b) Describe the shape of a histogram created from the data of the two groups of students combined.

Question 3 (c) Consider the population of all students in honors biology classes in the high school’s state who are given the task of using the spreadsheet program to investigate the topic in genetics. The distribution of the completion times has a shape similar to the combined histogram of students at the high school, with mean 70 minutes and standard deviation 26.5 minutes. For random samples of 50 students taken from the population, describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean completion time.
Advanced Placement (AP)
1 answer:
Korvikt [17]3 years ago
6 0
Check online or you already have
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Answer/Explanation:

If a particular gene is located on the Z chromosome of this lizard species, describe why a lizard with a ZW genotype has a greater probability of expressing the recessive phenotype for the trait than a lizard with the ZZ genotype does.

If there is no dominant allele for a trait present on a homologous chromosome to mask the recessive allele, the recessive phenotype will be expressed. In this case, the gene is located on the Z chromosome. In an individual with a ZW genotype (female) there is no homologous Z partner, meaning whatever allele is present on the solitary Z chromosome will be expressed.

For each cross, describe whether genetics or temperature determines the sex of progeny produced from eggs incubated at 35°C . For each cross, describe whether genetics or temperature determines the sex of progeny produced from eggs incubated at 24°C .

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ZZ females X ZZ males at 24°C

None of the progeny are female. This is determined by genetics and temperature, as there are no W chromosomes to pass on to the offspring, meaning all offspring will always be ZZ. At this temperature, that means no ZZ females are produced.

ZW females X ZZ males at 35°C

Almost all of the progeny are female. This is likely temperature dependent, because there is equal possibility genetically that offspring could be male or female (inherit W or Z). However, the proportions are different between 24 and 36C, suggesting higher temperatures influence the sex determination. At higher temperatures, ZW and ZZ individuals develop into females

ZZ females X ZZ males at 35°C

Almost all of the progeny are female. This is likely temperature dependent, because there is equal possibility genetically that offspring could be male or female (inherit W or Z). However, at higher temperatures, ZZ offspring develop into females over males.

Predict the effect of increasing global temperatures on the continued presence of the W chromosome in this species of lizard.

At temperatures over 33C, there is a sharp shift towards female sex of XX individuals rather than males. The W chromosome determines a female, but is not required to do so. Increasing temperatures can also produce females. Therefore, the presence of the W chromosome will likely reduce or even disappear entirely, and the species could just rely on temperature to determine sex.

Scientists claim that, in this species, the W chromosome is unimportant in sex determination. Instead, proteins that are encoded by a gene or genes on the Z chromosome, and that are maximally expressed only at certain temperatures, are responsible for determining whether embryos will develop as females or males. Use the data to support this claim.

This is supported by the data showing that the presence of the W chromosome is not at all required to develop into a female. If you look at the ZZ x ZZ crosses, you can get all males or or females or a mix completely dependent on temperature, without a W chromosome in sight.

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