Depending on the purpose for which the description is needed, there are three various levels of complexity at which the vascular architecture of the liver might be described:
- The first level, known as the conventional level, is equivalent to Couinaud's classic 8-segment scheme and serves as a common language for doctors from other disciplines to define the location of localized hepatic lesions.
- The true branching of the hepatic veins and the main portal pedicles is taken into consideration in the second, surgical level, which will be used for anatomical liver resections and transplantations. Modern surgical and radiological procedures may fully exploit this anatomy, but doing so involves acknowledging that the Couinaud scheme is oversimplified and examining the vascular architecture objectively.
- The third degree of complexity, known as the academic level, is focused on the anatomist and the requirement to provide a systematization that clarifies the apparent conflicts between anatomical literature, radiological imaging, and surgical practice.
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Answer:
lysogenic
Explanation:
Phages can generate the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle, although very few are able to carry out both. If lysis is carried out, lysogeny cannot be carried out and vice versa. In the lytic cycle, phage host cells are lysed (destroyed) after replication and encapsulation of viral particles, so that new viruses are free to carry out a new infection.
On the contrary, in the lysogenic cycle there is no immediate lysis of the cell. The phage genome can be integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the host bacterium, replicating at the same time as the bacterium does, or it can remain stable in the form of a plasmid, independently replicating bacterial replication. In any case, the phage genome will be transmitted to the entire progeny of the originally infected bacteria. The phage is thus in a state of latency until the conditions of the environment are deteriorated: decrease of nutrients, increase of mutagenic agents, etc. At this time, endogenous phage or phage are activated and give rise to the lytic cycle that ends with cell lysis.