Answer:
1.carmichael collected folk music in Indiana.
2.rugby
The main consequence was the deconstruction of society. For Putnam, in order to have a fully functioning society, it is necessary to have social interaction. If you don't then you will alienate yourself and if everyone does that then a valid society can't be built and the society could crumble.
Powerful empires were built, Written and spoken languages were made and perfected, and new technology was created