The answer to the question is the letter "A" Breakdown glucose.
The function of beta-galactosidase is to break down glucose. This beta-galactosidase is also commonly called "Beta-gal". This enzyme breaks down the glycosidic bond, it also includes carbohydrates that contain glucose.
The correct answer is: b. It is free to bind to another promoter and begin transcription
Transcription is the first step of gene expression in which DNA molecule is copied (transcribed) into RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. The process of transcription is divided into three phases:
1. Initiation
• RNA polymerase with transcriptional factors bind to gene promoter
• RNA polymerase unwinds DNA double helix (transcription bubble is formed)
2. Elongation
• RNA polymerases adds nucleotides complementary to DNA
3. Termination
• RNA polymerase gets to stop codon (transcribes a sequence of DNA known as a terminator)
• Formed complementary RNA strand is released from DNA-RNA complex.
RNA polymerase is also released and can transcribe some other gene by binding to its promotor. RNA polymerase will transcribe just the genes whose products are needed at a particular moment.
When using the term 'life form' I assume you are speaking of animals, bacteria, etc. Scientists take years to find their desired conclusion because of how the environment tends to change quite frequently (Depending on where the creature lives). The earth is constantly revolving and rotating, which causes changes in the environment. These changes affect the animals behavior, eating habits, and overall chances of survival. A factor that must also be considered is that scientists have to examine these creatures in their natural habitat which can be an issue depending on where they live. For example, if I were to study the behavioral patterns of a Leopard, it would be extremely difficult to do so because the Leopards are specifically keen at camouflaging in their environment. That would make observing its behavioral patterns very frustrating and time consuming. In a way, mother nature is always against us.
(Hope this helps)
Answer:
Intervertebral foramen
Explanation:
These structures are found in between pairs of vertebrae and not only do spinal nerves pass through them, the spinal artery, veins, and transforaminal ligaments do too. While the spinal cord passes through the vertebral foramen, the spinal nerves exit and enter the spine through these intervertebral foramen to 'serve' the rest of the body.
Answer:
d. Fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth, making them less susceptible to decay
Explanation:
Dental caries results when cariogenic (caries-causing) bacteria metabolize carbohydrates or sugars present in the mouth for their energy needs, producing organic acids as byproducts, thus lowering the pH of the plaque biofilm.
The hydroxyapatite of tooth enamel is composed mainly of phosphate ions (PO₄³⁻) and calcium ions (Ca⁺). Under normal conditions, there is a stable equilibrium between the calcium and phosphate ions in saliva and the crystalline hydroxyapatite. At low pH (acidic conditions), there is a shift in equilibrium resulting in the dissolution of hydroxyapatite from tooth enamel, a process known as demineralization. A reverse process called remineralization (the process of incorporation of minerals in tooth enamel) occurs when the saliva, acting as a buffer elevates pH. When equilibrium is shifted to favor continued demineralization, dental caries results.
However, when fluoride is present in saliva, fluorapatite, rather than hydroxyapatite, forms during the remineralization process as fluoride ions replace hydroxyl groups in the formation of the apatite crystal lattice.
Fluorapatite is less soluble than hydroxyapatite making it more resistant to demineralization, even under conditions of low pH. Thus, fluoride acts as an effective anticaries agent.
