Restriction enzymes and or restriction endonucleases are involved at recognizing specific sequence of nucleotides and cutting or splicing them at appropriate regions to produce fragments that can either be sticky ends or blunt ends depending on where they cut and the nature of nucleotides involved within the fragments. They play an important role in genetic engineering, as geneticists can use them for placing into extra chromosomal information and or content of plasmids in certain bacteria, from other sources, for instance antibiotics, grow and or produce many individual colonies of bacteria, isolate them and one would have many sequences for instance that can code for an antibiotic that can be extracted and used further. Assuming the bacteria's plasmid can take in that sequence.
If later is was 100 million years ago, later b would be 200 million years ago (because it is 100millions years prior to a). And therefore layer c must b 300 million years ago.
The principal advantage of asexual reproduction is that the organism does not have to waste time or energy looking for a mate.
Answer: The DNA repair process was called recombination repair.
Explanation: A sister or homologous chromatide is used to generate recombination and be repaired in this sort of cases.
B, osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane according to the gradient of concentration. The water moves to were the concentration of solute is higher, that way the solute concentration is equalized.
