Answer:
The phosphate group is the negatively-charged and polar head present in the phospholipid bilayer.
The phosphate group is attracted to water in the intracellular fluid in the phospholipid bilayer and helps to maintain the fluidity of the bilayer. if phosphates instantly lost their charge then it will lose its attraction towards an intracellular fluid and phospholipid bilayer will lose its bilayer structure.
Water can move through precipitation, evaporation, runoffs, condensation and through groundwater flow.
There are more ways of course, but these were the first ones I remember
Above the ground is runners below the ground is roots
Answer:
cAMP, IP3, cGMP, DAG and cAMP are the second messengers.
Explanation:
The extracellular factors act as the first messengers. These are usually hormones and neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters like serotonin, growth hormone and epinephrine. The second messenger depends on the signals received by cell surface receptors. The cAMP, IP3, cGMP, DAG and cAMP are the second messengers. The secondary messenger target molecules present in nucleus and cytoplasm.
The signal information is transduced into cellular responses in the cytoplasm and nucleus with the change in receptor. This leads to the activation of signaling cascade.
