A nephron<span> is the basic unit of the kidneys and one of its functions is to filter substances in the blood and excreting urine. The correct order of where urine flows in a nephron is: </span><span>glomerulus, next to proximal convoluted tubule, then to loop of henle, then to distal convoluted tubule, lastly collecting duct. This process is important in homeostasis.</span>
Answer:
Exosomes as Therapeutic Target
Given the fact that elevated exosome levels are often correlated with greater severity of different types of cancer, reducing circulating exosomes to normal levels is one of therapeutic strategies to increase treatment efficacy. There are different approaches to modulate exosome production: 1) Inhibition of exosome formation: inhibit crucial proteins involved in exosome formation pathway; 2) Inhibition of exosome release: inhibit important regulators of exosome release process, increased intracellular Ca2+, change cellular microenvironmental pH; 3) Inhibition of exosome uptake: add proteinase for surface proteins on exosomes may serve as receptors for uptake pathways. In addition to control exosomes production, removal of exosomes from the entire circulatory system might be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
Exosomes could also be used as cancer immunotherapy becasue tumor-derived exosomes carry antigens that is a great source of specific stimulus for the immune response against tumors. Both tumor-derived and dendritic cell-derived exosomes have showed capability to stimulate tumor antigen-specific responses in experimental animal models and human clinical trials.
Exosomes as Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles
Exosomes became one of the most common methods applied in drug delivery system because of several advantages they have. Firstly, exosomes normally have a small size 40-100 nm, which is more homogenous compared to other microvesicles. This will lead them to evade rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte and enhances passage through fenestrations in the vessel wall. Secondly, due to their endogenous origin, they are less toxic for and better tolerated by the immune system. It facilitates them to avoid causing side effects that normally occur with synthetic nanoparticles. Additionally, the specific ligand or protein expressed on the exosome surface increases efficiency of cargo into the cytosol of the target cell, and therefore fewer off-target effects. Exosomes are generally found most useful as a drug delivery medium in cancer therapy, anti-inflammation and gene interference therapy such as transferring of miRNA.
There are different kinds of cargos encapsulated by exosomes, especially like siRNA or miRNA. The delivery of RNA is attracting because they are rapid degradation in cell circulation and have the limitation in passing through the membrane and in cellular uptake. Chemotherapeutics loaded into exosomes is also used for cancer therapy such as doxorubicin. In principle, there are four key components to achieve correct functionality and efficacy during exosomes drug delivery:1) Choosing the donor cell type to produce drug-carrying exosomes; 2) Using correspond methods to encapsulate the exosomes cargo; 3) Enhancing the specificity of cargo delivery by targeting peptides on the surface of the exosomes; 4) Administrating exosomes to target the area of disease.
Explanation:
https://www.creative-biostructure.com/exosome-applications-652.htm
Answer:
Sinh vật nhân sơ chỉ có một RNA Polymerase, trong khi sinh vật nhân chuẩn có ba (RNA Polymerase I, phiên mã rRNA; II, phiên mã mRNA; và III, phiên mã tRNA).
Answer:
Plasma.
Explanation:
The main connective tissue of human body is blood. Blood mainly composed of the plasma and formed elements. Formed elements include white blood cell, red blood cells and platelets.
Blood plasma is present around 55% in composition. The blood plasma contains various coagulant factors, ions, proteins and chemicals. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood that needs to be drawn in presence of the anticoagulant compound.
Thus, the answer is plasma.
Answer:
Transpiration is loss of water from the surface of leaves in the form of water vapour while guttation is exudation of water from the surface of leaves in the form of drops. Transpiration takes place through stomata while guttation takes place through hydathodes.
Guttation usually occurs at the margins and the tips of the leaves. Transpiration occurs throughout the general surface of the leaves and the young stems.
Explanation:
