Ashley is riding on an elevator when the lights suddenly go off and the elevator stops, trapping her inside. After an hour elect
ricity is restored and Ashley is able to safely exit the elevator. Ashley subsequently refuses to ride on an elevator because she is "afraid." Ashley's fear is the result of________________. a. psychodynamic condidtioning
b. negative reinforcement
c. classical conditioning
d. aversive conditioning
Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a conditioned stimulus has resulted from an unrelated unconditioned stimulus which ends up producing a behavioral response known as a conditioned response . This conditioned response has become a learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. While the unconditioned stimulus is a reult of food or pain, a significant stimulus that produces an unconditioned response from the start. The conditioned stimulus is usually neutral and produces no particular response at first, but after conditioning it produces the conditioned response.
Ashley is riding on an elevator and she gets trapped inside (unconditiomed stimulus), this situation has caused Ashely to develop fear for being stuck in an elevator (unconditioned response). This has caused Ashley to refuse riding on any elevator because she is afraid This has produced a behvorial response also known as a conditioned response when she even sights an elevator. Her mind has gone through conditioning. We call this classical conditioning.
In psychology, the term classical conditioning refers to a form of learning in which a stimulus is paired with another one to create a learned behavior.
The first stimulus creates a natural response by itself and it's called the unconditioned stimulus that creates an unconditioned response. However, this stimulus is paired to another one (conditioned stimulus) and the same response that appeared naturally at first starts appearing when the new stimulus appears (conditioned response).
In this example, Ashley is on an elevator and <u>she gets trapped inside, this situation obviously creates a response of fear on her (unconditioned response).</u> However, <u>now Ashley refuses to ride on any elevator because she is afraid.</u> We can see that <u>this response has become a conditioned response in the presence of any elevators</u> and therefore this is an example of classical conditioning learning.
The vast majority of cases heard by the supreme court reach the court c. as appeals from lower court decisions. & d. 90% of request of writ of certiorari is denied.
Incomplete Contracts: Do not optimally use all commonly observ-able information. Will be renegotiated at some point in time (bargain-ing). Reasons for contractual incompleteness: Bounded rationality: Parties cannot write long-term state-contingent contracts. Cannot foresee all possible future states.
