Summarize the events and forces that shaped human evolution

1 answer:

8 0

Five different forces have influenced human evolution are natural selection, random genetic drift, mutation, population mating structure, and culture.

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3 years ago

You see an emergency vehicle with audible and visible signals approaching from behind while you are stopped at an intersection.

lilavasa [31]

I believe that the answer is a

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3 years ago

Why were you able to see the dna after adding ethanol? what chemical process led to the visible masses of dna?

sergejj [24]

The chemical process is called precipitation.

Usually, a combination of salt and ethanol are added to a solution in order to allow the DNA to precipitate or come out of solution.

Polar molecules are those with uneven distribution of charges in their structure, which gives them partial positive and partial negative parts in their structure. In general, the rule in solubility is "like dissolves like," which means that polar or charged solutes can dissolve in a polar solvent. Ionic and polar solutes which are "attracted" to and dissolve in water are called "hydrophilic" (water-loving), while nonpolar solutes, which do not dissolve in water are called "hydrophobic" (water-fearing or hating).

DNA has a sugar-phosphate backbone in its structure. The phosphate (PO3-) groups of the backbone are negatively charged. Water, being a polar molecule (with the oxygen end being more negatively charged, and the hydrogen ends being more positive), can interact with the negatively-charged phosphate groups of the DNA and allow the DNA to dissolve in water.

When salt (usually sodium acetate) is added, the positive ions of the salt (e.g. Na+ for sodium acetate) interact with the negatively-charged ends of the phosphate groups (PO3-) in the sugar backbone. This "neutralizes" the charges of the negatively-charged phosphate groups. As a result, the amount of water molecules able to interact with the phosphate groups diminishes, and this lessens the solubility of the DNA.

However, because water has a relatively high dielectric constant (index of polarity), it would be fairly difficult for the Na+ ions to interact with the PO3- groups. Adding the ethanol, which has a lower dielectric constant than water, makes it easier for the Na+ ions to come together with the PO3- groups, and shields it charge from the water molecules. This makes the DNA molecules less hydrophilic and less soluble. As a result, the DNA molecules come out of solution (through a process called precipitation).

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4 years ago

The functional pathway for the gustatory system begins with taste cells, whose function is the ___1___ of taste. Taste cells for

OlgaM077 [116]

Answer:

Explanation:

$\text{From the given question, we are to copy and complete the passage.}$

$\text{The functional pathway for the gustatory system begins with taste cells whose} \\ \\ \text{function is the} \ \mathbf{sensation} \ \text{of taste. Taste cells form synapses with the} \\ \\ \mathbf{gustatory \ afferent \ axons} \ \text{whose cell bodies are in the gustatory ganglion, }$

$\text{and whose axon form the} \ \mathbf{vagal \ nerves} \text{and the glossopharyngela nerve.} \\ \\ \text{These axons terminate in the gustatory nucleus of the solitary nucleus.} \\ \\ \text{The gustatory nucleus project into the} \ \mathbf{ hypothalamus.} \\ \\ \text{These thalamic nucleus project into the} \ \mathbf{olfactory \ projection} \ \text{in the } \\ \\ \text{parietal cortex and function of these neurons is the} \ \mathbf{ sensation} \ \text{ of taste. } \\ \\$

$\text{It is also important to mention an accessory pathway where only} \ \mathbf{sensory } \\ \\ \text{information travels from the gustatory nucleus to a motor nucleus in the brainstem.} \\ \\ \text{This motor nucleus projects to muscle cells of the esophagus and stomach, producing} \\ \\ \text{reflexive }\mathbf{arc}$

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3 years ago

) Describe the effect of atherosclerosis on the amount of oxygen supplied to body cells. Explain your answer.

Artyom0805 [142]

Atherosclerosis will increase the thickness of the blood vessel which lowers its diameter and the elasticity. Lowered diameter will cause blood flow, so the amount of oxygen that the tissue receive would be lower. Atherosclerosis also makes the vessel easier to be plugged by a blood clot.

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4 years ago