1.i think it is b
2. 1876
3.c
<span>The Enlightenment challenged the traditional authority of the church. During the Scientific Revolution, empirical research and observation was put forth as the path to finding truths about nature and the universe. Astronomers such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei were religious men, but they encountered much resistance from the established church because their ideas challenged the church's teaching that the Earth was the center of the universe. The Enlightenment went even further than the Scientific Revolution had gone in challenging the traditions and authority of the church. A number of Enlightenment thinkers were Deists -- belieiving God created the universe but let it run from there on natural principles He created. Some Enlightenment proponents, such as David Hume and Denis Diderot, even went as far as agnosticism (Hume) or atheism (Diderot). </span>
All the Kingdoms of of West Africa gained their wealth from the so called Gold salt trade with the Islamic states to the north.
Ghana was the first kingdom of west Africa. Using the technology of storing grain and iron working ,the kingdom gained ascendancy in West Africa. Then with a monopoly with trade to the Islamic states became wealthy. The West African Kingdom would trade gold, ivory and slaves, for salt , manufactured goods, and cloth.
These precious goods from the north would then be traded with other tribes in Western Africa adding to the wealth. The Niger River was instrumental in moving goods within West Africa.
Ghana was replace by Mali as the dominate force in West Africa. Mali continued the same pattern of trade with the Islamic States. One of the kings of Mali Masa Musa ( meaning Great King) even traveled to Mecca bringing immense amounts of gold and slaves to the north
Mali was conquered by the Kingdom of Songhai. This kingdom followed the same pattern of trading gold, ivory and slaves with the north. The Niger River continued to be the main source of trade within Western Africa.
Then the Islamic Kingdom of Morocco decided to cut out the middle man. The Islamic Kingdom of Morocco destroyed the Songhai empire. However the other Western African kingdoms and tribes wouldn't trade with the Moroccans and the Gold Salt trade dissolved.
All three of the Western African kingdoms depended on the Gold Salt trade and control of the Niger River to dominate West Africa.
Isolationism led to the overthrow do the Ming dynasty
It was President Ulysses S. Grant.
