When energy passes from one trophic level to the next, I would guess that the two factors which decrease the total amount of energy from being passed up are:
1. An organism does not assimilate all the energy of food consumed. Within a consumer, digestion and assimilation of energy is not 100% efficient: some of the energy is lost.
2. A large proportion of energy assimilated by a producer and consumer is lost through respiration, i.e., day-to-day maintenance of metabolic processes.
Answer is Plants and animals both break a phosphate bond of ATP to release energy.
In both plants and animals adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells. It is also called the energy currency of the cell. ATP molecule composed of three phosphate groups. These phosphate groups are linked to one another by two high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. When energy is required by the cell, one a phosphoanhydride is bond broken removing one phosphate. As a result energy is released and ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Answer:
Scavengers
Parasites
Consumers
Predators
Carnivores
Omnivores
Herbivores
Explanation:
In biology, an organism is any organic, living system that functions as an individual entity. All organisms are composed of cells. Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals, plants, and fungi; or unicellular microorganisms such as protists, bacteria, and archaea
Answer:
Air pollution harms human health and the environment. In Europe, emissions of many air pollutants have decreased substantially over the past decades, resulting in improved air quality across the region. However, air pollutant concentrations are still too high, and air quality problems persist. A significant proportion of Europe’s population live in areas, especially cities, where exceedances of air quality standards occur: ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter (PM) pollution pose serious health risks. Several countries have exceeded one or more of their 2010 emission limits for four important air pollutants. Reducing air pollution therefore remains important.
Air pollution is a local, pan-European and hemispheric issue. Air pollutants released in one country may be transported in the atmosphere, contributing to or resulting in poor air quality elsewhere.
Particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone, are now generally recognised as the three pollutants that most significantly affect human health. Long-term and peak exposures to these pollutants range in severity of impact, from impairing the respiratory system to premature death. Around 90 % of city dwellers in Europe are exposed to pollutants at concentrations higher than the air quality levels deemed harmful to health. For example, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in air has been estimated to reduce life expectancy in the EU by more than eight months. Benzo(a)pyrene is a carcinogenic pollutant of increasing concern, with concentrations being above the threshold set to protect human health in several urban areas, especially in central and eastern Europe.
"Air pollution is causing damage to human health and ecosystems. Large parts of the population do not live in a healthy environment, according to current standards. To get on to a sustainable path, Europe will have to be ambitious and go beyond current legislation."
Explanation:
