Answer:
D Flow of protons across an electrochemical gradient
Explanation:
The chloroplast adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase uses the electrochemical proton gradient generated by photosynthesis to produce ATP, the energy currency of all cells. Protons conducted through the membrane-embedded Fo motor drive ATP synthesis in the F1 head by rotary catalysis.
In chloroplasts, photosynthetic electron transport generates a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane which then drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
The light-induced electron transfer in photosynthesis drives protons into the thylakoid lumen. The excess protons flow out of the lumen through ATP synthase to generate ATP in the stroma.
Majority of ATP is produced by OXIDATION PHOSPHORYLATION. The generation of ATP by oxidation phosphorylation differs from the way ATP is produced during glycolysis.
Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions. Energy released in these reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis.
15. B.
16. G. schlerenchyma cells
17. D. ATP
Bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae
Answer: D. Organisms that reproduce asexually create a large amount of offspring in a short period of time in order to maintain their population.
Explanation:
When an organism is able to reproduce asexually as opposed to sexually, it means that they do not require a mate to make offspring. Offspring of such organisms will therefore receive all their genes from one source.
Such organisms are able to reproduce very fast when they are presented with adequate conditions especially because they do not need another organism to do so. They will neither have to waste much energy nor have to go through the whole sexual process so they will be able to produce lots of offspring.
I have done GCSE sciences and also applied science a level so I could probably help you :)
