Answer:true, false, true, true
Explanation:
* More than 40 proteins and glycoproteins involved in the complement system are synthesized by the liver, macrophages, epithelial cells, they are present in the blood in plasmatic form, membrane, some have an enzymatic activity, regulator or membrane receptorThese are elements of the humoral innate immune response, they fight infections, purify immune complexes and apoptotic bodies.
<span>There are indeed three ways to activate the complement:</span>
Classical pathway: Activated by Immunoglobulins in immune complexes, aggregated Immunoglobulins, DNA, CRP, apoptotic bodies .......it involves nine fractions, starting with C1, then C4, C2, C3, to form a classical C5 convertase, then, activation of C5, C6, C7, C8, C9.
Alternative pathway: activated by polysaccharides (bacterial endotoxin), vascular wall poor in sialic acid, aggregated IgE ...C3b like is the first component in the alternate channel cascade, it will create an amplification loop, and form an alternative C5 convertase.
Lecithin pathway: Activated by mannose, fucose (carbohydrate of microorganisms)The first component is the complex MBL / MASP1 / MASP2: "mannose-binding protein": works according to the same principle as the complex C1 of the classical way (MASP2 cleaves the C4 and the rest of the cascade is equivalent to that of the classical way).
the three ways have the same outcome: A C5 convertase (formed by one of the pathways) cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b: C5b is deposited far from other fractions on the antigenic surface. The fixation of C5b in the cell is followed by that of C6, C7, C8, and C9 (9 molecules of C9): formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) ==> Death of the cell by osmotic shock
For questions 11-15
11. Magnesium Oxide is a combination between Magnesium and oxygen so the formula will be MgO
12. Calcium Chloride is a combination between Calcium and Chlorine, so the formula will be CaCl₂ the ₂ comes from the fact that there is two Chlorine atoms
13. Lithium Sulfide is a combination between Two lithium and a sulfur atoms,
so the formula will be Li₂S The ₂ coming from the two lithium atoms
14. Barium Selenide is a combination between Barium and Selenium so the formula will be BaSe
15. Aluminum Oxide is a combination between Aluminum and Oxygen, there are two Aluminum atoms and three Oxygen atoms, so it will make Al₂O₃
Hope this helps
There are basically 3 types of pharynx- nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
The function of the pharynx are:-
1. To transport the food from mouth to esophagus.
2. To warm, moisten and filter the air, before it moves to the trachea, and then to the bronchi, the bronchioles, the alveoli and at last to the lungs.
Therefore, pharynx(or throat) is a part of both- digestive and respiratory systems.
3. It is also important for vocalization.
