Answer: The answer is b). Confidential
Explanation: In the data collection process, when researchers are trying to obtain information from survey participants, it is ethical to indicate that the survey will be conducted anonymously or confidentially. Confidentiality refers to a condition in which the researcher knows the identity of a research subject, but takes steps to protect that identity from being discovered by others. One way of identifying the subjects is to assign an identifying number or code to each participant.
In simple definition followership means:
1. the ability or willingness to follow a leader.
2. a group of followers or supporters; following.
Followership is the actions of someone in a subordinate role. It can also be considered as a specific set of skills that complement leadership, a role within a hierarchical organization, a social construct that is integral to the leadership process, or the behaviors engaged in while interacting with leaders in an effort to meet organizational objectives.[1] As such, followership is best defined as an intentional practice on the part of the subordinate to enhance the synergetic interchange between the follower and the leader.
In organizations, “leadership is not just done by the leader, and followership is not just done by followers.” [2] This perspective suggests that leadership and followership do not operate on one continuum, with one decreasing while the other increases. Rather, each dimension exists as a discrete dimension, albeit with some shared competencies.[3]
The study of followership is an emerging area within the leadership field that helps explain outcomes. Specifically, followers play important individual, relational, and collective roles in organizational failures and successes.[4][5][6] “If leaders are to be credited with setting the vision for the department or organization and inspiring followers to action, then followers need to be credited with the work that is required to make the vision a reality.”[7]
The term follower can be used as a personality type, as a position in a hierarchy, as a role, or as a set of traits and behaviors. Studies of followership have produced various theories including trait, behavioral attributes, role, and constructionist theories in addition to exploring myths or misunderstandings about followership.
C for the first one ( fifth amendment ) & b for the second one ( us constitution )
Forming a Hypothesis
When conducting scientific experiments, researchers develop hypotheses to guide experimental design. A hypothesis is a suggested explanation that is testable, falsifiable and repeatable. Scientist must be able to test and have a measurable result to see if the hypothesis can supported. If the hypothesis is not support or shown to be false, then the hypothesis will need to be modified. In addition, the hypothesis must be able to be repeated by other scientist in order to be validated.
Experimentation and Interpreting Results
A scientific experiment is a carefully organized procedure in which the scientist intervenes in a system to change something, then observes and interprets the result of the change. Scientific inquiry often involves doing experiments, though not always. For example, a scientist studying the mating behaviors of ladybugs might begin with detailed observations of ladybugs mating in their natural habitats. While this research may not be experimental, it is scientific: it involves careful and verifiable observation of the natural world. The same scientist might then treat some of the ladybugs with a hormone hypothesized to trigger mating and observe whether these ladybugs mated sooner or more often than untreated ones. This would qualify as an experiment because the scientist is now making a change in the system and observing the effects.
