The answer to that is poor working conditions and cruel treatments of peasents.
In Russia, military spending was cut dramatically
an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.
a Renaissance cultural movement which turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.
noun: Humanism
(among some contemporary writers) a system of thought criticized as being centered on the notion of the rational, autonomous self and ignoring the unintegrated and conditioned nature of the individual.
Adolf Hitler lead the Holocaust so the answer would be the same for both questions. The answer to those is between five and six million Jews died during the Holocaust. It is impossible to know how many Jews died exactly though.
Gun powder was meant to be like a potion for unlimited life, but ended up being a potion for death and is still used today.
