The term would be leukocytosis and this usually indicates that there is presence of an infection.
III. enzyme pathways in the mitochondria produce ATP in a process that requires oxygen.
<span>Cytotoxic t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat intracellular pathogens, whereas helper t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat extracellular pathogens.
</span>Cytotoxic t-cell are CD8+ cells. Cytotoxic t-cell uses granzymes to <span>kill </span><span>intracellular bacteria, that lives in the cytosol such as viruses. They identify the pathogen forgein peptids that are bounded to MHC-I on the cell surface.
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cd4+ T helper (Th) cells include Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. They contribute to aliergic reactions and fighting extracellular parasites.
One of the methods used widely to calculate the distance of nearby or closer objects in astronomy is Parallax. The distance of the stars are usually expressed in light years but the unit of distance is parsec or parallax second.
1 Parsec = 3.26 light years
Astronomers are not able to measure the parallax of a star that is a million light years away because the star is too far and the distance with which the start appears to move is too less to be calculated accurately.
