They were short on food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, and blankets, they could not get supplies from the allies because the Germans controlled the Baltic Sea
Generally speaking, judicial activism is the opposite of judicial restraint in that when a judge is especially "active," he or she imposes more of his or her own will in the case, whereas if a judge is more "restrained," they rely more on precedent.
I believe the document is the Emancipation Proclamation, and it was issued by president Abraham Lincoln.
They taxed stamps sugar clothing and tea