The role of ATP synthase in photosynthesis is to transports a proton down the gradient and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
Further Explanation:
Photosynthesis starts with the absorption of light or solar energy by the plant pigments called chlorophyll. The activated chlorophyll molecule helps in the electron transfer from one acceptor to another forming a chain.
The first phase of photosynthesis the light-dependent reaction in which the absorbed light is utilized to produce molecules carrying energy that is used in the second phase to form carbohydrates by reducing carbon dioxide. The first phase occurs in the grana region of the chloroplast and involves the transport of electrons through photosystem II (PS II) followed by photosystem I (PS I). The energy gained by the chlorophyll molecule is transferred to PS II in the form of electrons. These electrons are passed on further through a series of electron transporter or carrier from PS II to PS I. In photosystem I, finally, the electron is gained by NADP+ to form NADPH.
The ATP synthesis is produced by the use of proton motive force this reaction is catalyzed by ATP synthase. This a multiprotein synthase is also well-known as F0 F1 complex .The ATP molecule is synthesized when proton flow back from the inner membrane down the electrochemical proton gradient . ATP synthase has two components F1 ATPase and F0 which is embedded in the inner membrane and contain alpha, beta and C unit.
As the electrons travel along the electron transport chain, energy is released which helps in the pumping of protons (ions) into the lumen from the stroma through the thylakoid membrane. A proton gradient is developed which allows the movement of protons back to the stroma which in turn results in the formation of ATP through membrane-bound ATP synthase
The second phase of the photosynthesis is the dark reaction or the light-independent reaction happens in the stroma and utilizes the products formed during the light-dependent phase.
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Answer Details:
Grade: High School
Subject: Biology
Chapter: Plant Cell
Keywords:
ATP synthase, light dependent reaction, thylakoid, stroma, grana, membrane, photosynthesis, alpha , beta, proton motive force.
Answer:
The correct answer is: a.
Explanation:
- A Diploid organism possess two copies ( also called alleles) of each autosomal gene, of which one copy of the gene is obtained from one of its parents and the other copy from its other parent.
- During the process of replication, one of the alleles of the GTPase encoding gene undergoes a mis-sense mutation.
- A Mis-sense mutation can be defined as a non-synonymous mutation in which one of the nucleotide in the sequence of the gene gets altered such that it causes a change in the amino acid encoded by the codon (triplet nucleotide message encoding for a single amino acid) formed by the mutated nucleotide. A single amino acid change in the protein, if occurs in the functional site of the protein, can render a protein non-functional.
- Hence, the mis-sense mutation in one of the alleles encoding for the GTPase gene causes the resulting protein produced from the mutated allele to have drastically reduced function (1%).
- A heterozygous cell is one which has one copy of the normal allele and the other copy of the mutated allele of the GTPase encoding gene.
- As one copy of the normal GTPase allele is present in such an individual, it can produce the normal GTPase protein that can assist in the process of cell growth and division.
- Hence, the phenotype(expressed character) of the heterozygous cell will not be affected due to the mutation and it will be able to grow and divide normally.
Most of the worlds deserts are located at latitudes where cold, dry air moving toward the poles descends.
E) cold, dry air moving toward the poles descends.
<u>Explanation:</u>
A large portion of the world's deserts are situated almost 30 degrees north scope and 30 degrees south scope, where the warmed tropical air starts to drop.
Hot deserts are essentially found around the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. As air moves inland, it gets drained of dampness and precipitation drops. So the majority of the world's deserts are situated at scopes where cool, dry air advancing toward the shafts slides.
Correct option(s):
(b) This muskmelon plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene is ff.
(c) This muskmelon plant is homozygous for the fruit taste gene.
A dominant allele is one that is capable of expressing itself even in the heterozygous condition and overshadows the effect of the recessive allele. It is usually denoted by a capital letter. Recessive allele on the contrary cannot express in presence of a dominant allele and is denoted by a small letter.
In the given case the fruit with a sour taste (phenotype) can have two possible genotypes (FF and Ff). The genotype of sweet taste is ff which is a homozygous condition.
Note: Your question is incomplete, probably your complete question is “In a group of muskmelon plants, some individuals have sour fruit and others have sweet fruit. in this group, the gene for the fruit taste trait has two alleles. the allele F is for sour fruit, and the allele f is for sweet fruit. a certain muskmelon plant from this group has sweet fruit. this plant has two alleles for sweet fruit. Choose the correct option:
(a) this muskmelon plant's genotype for the fruit taste trait is sweet fruit.
(b) this muskmelon plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene is ff.
(c) this muskmelon plant is homozygous for the fruit taste gene.”
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