In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Mutations result from errors during DNA replication or other types of damage to DNA, which then may undergo error-prone repair, or cause an error during other forms of repair, or else may cause an error during replication. Mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of DNA due to mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics of an organism.
The manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as medicine, agriculture, or criminal justice, is called GENETIC ENGINEERING. These technologies involve the manipulation of the DNA molecule.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule that carries the instructions (i.e., genes) for all organisms to develop, survive, grow and reproduce.
Genetic engineering techniques consist of the manipulation of the DNA molecule in order to produce desirable phenotypic features in the offspring of an organism.
Genetic engineering techniques use recombinant DNA strategies to modify the genetic makeup (DNA) of the target organism.
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