Flowers and their insect pollinators are a classic example of coevolutionnnn
The cell membrane protects the cell and keeps bad things like viruses from getting in the cell.<span>It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.</span>
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Climate change has been described as one of the biggest problems faced by humankind. Carbon dioxide is is the primary driver of global warming. Prof Joanna Haigh from Imperial College London explains why this gas has played a crucial role in shaping the Earth's climate.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been present in the atmosphere since the Earth condensed from a ball of hot gases following its formation from the explosion of a huge star about five billion years ago.
At that time the atmosphere was mainly composed of nitrogen, CO2 and water vapour, which seeped through cracks in the solid surface. A very similar composition emerges from volcanic eruptions today.
As the planet cooled further some of the water vapour condensed out to form oceans and they dissolved a portion of the CO2 but it was still present in the atmosphere in large amounts.
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Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the joining of male and female gametes during fertilisation. The offspring inherit a mixture of genes from both parents, so are different to each other and their parents. In asexual reproduction there is only one parent. The offspring are clones of the parent and each other.
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Animal cells have a centrosome and lysosomes while plant cells do not. Plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and other specialized plastids, whereas animal cells do not.
