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Insulin undergoes extensive posttranslational modification along the production pathway.
Answer:
Denitrification = bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.
Denitrification occurs when nitrogen is removed from the soil and this happens when bacteria concert nitrites back to Nitrogen gas.
Nitrification = Bacteria convert ammonia to nitrites and nitrates.
Nitrification is the process by which bacteria concert ammonia made from ammonification into useful organic compounds like nitrites.
Nitrogen fixation = bacteria break down waste products and return nitrogen to the soil.
Nitrogen fixation is when bacteria return nitrogen to the soil by breaking down waste products that fall into the soil.
Ammonification = bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.
During ammonification, bacteria converts nitrogen compounds to Ammonia or Ammonium.
Assimilation = Plants and animals take in and use nitrogen compounds.
Assimilation then occurs when plants take in these nitrogen compounds and use them. Animals will get these compounds by eating the plants.
Answer:
125 molecules
Explanation:
Between two amino acids , one water molecule is eliminated and a peptide bond is formed. When 250 amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide , 125 molecules of water will be removed.
That is, 250/2=125
Answer:
Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.
Explanation:
The innate immune response is the non-specific immune response and serves to provide an immediate and general immune response. The adaptive immune responses are the specific immune responses. Adaptive immune responses include cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.
Cell-mediated immunity includes T cells (cytotoxic and helper T cells) while antibody-mediated immunity includes the production of antibodies from B cells. Binding of antigen to B cells is followed by their transformation into plasma cells and produce antibodies. Some of the activated B cells form memory B cells that are responsible for quicker and strong secondary immune responses.
