What ways do enzymatic catalysts increase the rates of reactions? they shift the reaction equilibrium toward the products they d
ecrease the free energy of the reaction?
2 answers:
This is a question regarding how enzymes increase the rates of reactions. There are choices and the instructions is to check all that apply.
<span>1. They shift the reaction equilibrium towards the products. </span>
<span>2. They increase the concentration of the reactants. </span>
<span>3. They lower the activation energy of the reaction. </span>
<span>4. They decrease the free energy of a reaction. </span>
<span>5. They promote the formation of a transition state.
The correct answers in this question are "they lower the activation energy of the reaction" and "they promote the formation of a transition state". Enzymes do not necessarily shift the the reaction equilibrium to the products, as there are reversible enzymatic reactions that can reverse the pathway back to the substrates. They do not increase the concentration of the reactants as the concentration of the reactants is an independent variable in this process. They do not decrease the free energy of activation as this is a constant in every reaction depending on the substrates and the products.
Enzymes do, however, lower the activation energy of the reaction meaning it will take less energy and effort for the substrates to reach the activation energy to transform it to its transition state then to the products. With this said, enzymes promote the formation of a transition state.
Attached is a simplified image on how enzymes work. </span>
<span>1. They shift the reaction equilibrium towards the products. </span>
<span>2. They increase the concentration of the reactants. </span>
<span>3. They lower the activation energy of the reaction. </span>
<span>4. They decrease the free energy of a reaction. </span>
<span>5. They promote the formation of a transition state.
The correct answers in this question are "they lower the activation energy of the reaction" and "they promote the formation of a transition state". Enzymes do not necessarily shift the the reaction equilibrium to the products, as there are reversible enzymatic reactions that can reverse the pathway back to the substrates. They do not increase the concentration of the reactants as the concentration of the reactants is an independent variable in this process. They do not decrease the free energy of activation as this is a constant in every reaction depending on the substrates and the products.
Enzymes do, however, lower the activation energy of the reaction meaning it will take less energy and effort for the substrates to reach the activation energy to transform it to its transition state then to the products. With this said, enzymes promote the formation of a transition state.
Attached is a simplified image on how enzymes work. </span>
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Hi!
Hypothesis:
<em>Proteins are built from the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules</em>
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a structure that is similar to DNA, except that it exists as a single strand, consists of a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar and has the base uracil (U) instead of thyamine (T).
<h3><u>From DNA to RNA</u></h3>
RNA is generated through transcription of the DNA molecule, resulting in a <em>complementary </em>molecule of the template DNA strand. For instance, if the sequence of the DNA was:
ATGCGCAGTTATTGCGAT
The corresponding RNA sequence will be:
UACGCGUCAAUAACGCUA <em>(complementary with U instead of T)</em>
<h3><u>From RNA to Protein</u></h3>
The RNA molecule in our case is known as the mRNA. After transcription the mRNA molecule is transported to the cytoplasm, where a ribosome binds to it for another molecule to translate the sequence. This translation is mediated by an RNA molecule known as the tRNA molecule which enters the ribosome to catalyze the reaction.
These molecules identify a sequence of 3 bases (codon) and for specific codon sequences, the tRNA allocates specific amino acid. For instance, for the codon <em>UCA</em>, the tRNA will allocate a <em>Serine residue.</em>
This translation process starts at specific three base sequences, known as start codons, and terminates at specific three base sequences known as stop codons.
In this manner, a sequence of amino acids respective to the mRNA codon sequence is synthesized, and as we identify proteins as chains of amino acids that are covalently linked together through peptide bonds, we can clearly see that proteins are built directly from RNA, and indirectly from DNA.
Hope this helps!
