Answer: C. $0
Explanation:
When including initial costs in a project's cash-flow, the relevant costs are those that henceforth will be spent on the project. Sunk costs are not to be included because they have already been incurred and cannot be recovered.
Research and Development costs have already been incurred and so are sunk costs. Hence they are not to be included in the initial cash-flow for the project.
Answer:
<em>The question option are:</em>
<em>1. For the current quarter what is the economy's income?
</em>
<em>2. For the current quarter, what is the economy's expenditure?
</em>
<em>3. In an economy, how are income and expenditure related?</em>
1. The economy's income for the current year is $450 because there is only one transaction that take place in the year worth of $450
2. The economy's expenditure of the current year is $450 because each transaction has two side. One is the Income, the other is Expenditure. The income is converted to expenditure.
3. In an economy, income and expenditure are related and they are equal. Each transaction has two side. One is the Income, the other is Expenditure. The income is converted to expenditure.
The effect on the financial reporting of the company is that the liabilities on the balance sheet would be understated. This is because at the end of the year, a possible event was calculated. The management felt from the calculation of that event that it is possible that the event could become an actual liability and that the amount could be estimated explainably. So it would become understated if these calculations of probable events cannot be written down in the balance sheet or in the notes of the final statements. It is like a forecasting of possible events that may happen in the future to prevent losses in the company.
