Answer: The oldest maps were made by hand of course, and were based on fairly crude measurements of paces, strides and the like and directions only loosely related to NEWS. Modern maps have the extraordinary advantage of precise locations of points, and even the benefit of direct overhead observation, and are no longer hand drawn.
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Explanation:
Black lives matter activist movement is fundamentally at odds with the concept of intersectionality.
The above statement is False.
Individual protestors that take part in BLM rallies are an important component of the movement since they give their time and money freely and take risks with their own safety, liberty, and health (Cobbina et al. Reference Cobbina, LaCourse, Brooke and Chauduri2021). The role of individual activists in the BLM is being studied through research.
Since the acquittal of George Zimmerman in 2013 for his part in the death of Trayvon Martin, an African-American youngster, BLM has become a well-known and significant social movement. In response to the deaths of Black and African people at the hands of police, the movement has since organized local and big protests across the United States and elsewhere (Williamson, Trump, and Einstein Reference Williamson, Trump and Einstein2018). 2020 saw the peak of BLM (so far), as demonstrations broke out in response to the white Minneapolis police officer's death of an African-American man named George Floyd.
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To date erosion scientists have failed to address — or have addressed inadequately — some of the ‘big questions’ of our discipline. For example, where is erosion occurring? Why is it happening, and who is to blame? How serious is it? Who does it affect? What should be the response? Can we prevent it? What are the costs of erosion? Our inability or reluctance to answer such questions damages our credibility and is based on weaknesses in commonly-used approaches and the spatial and temporal scales at which much research is carried out. We have difficulty in the recognition, description and quantification of erosion, and limited information on the magnitude and frequency of events that cause erosion. In particular there has been a neglect of extreme events which are known to contribute substantially to total erosion. The inadequacy and frequent misuse of existing data leaves us open to the charge of exaggeration of the erosion problem (a la Lomborg).
Models need to be developed for many purposes and at many scales. Existing models have proved to be of limited value, in the real as opposed to the academic world, both because of problems with the reliability of their results, and difficulties (with associated costs) of acquiring suitable data. However, there are some positive signs: models are now being developed for purposes including addressing questions of off-site impacts and land-use policy. Cheap, reliable and technically simple methods of erosion assessment at the field scale are needed. At the global scale, an up-date of GLASOD based on a scientific approach is urgent so that we are at least able to identify erosion ‘hotspots’.
In terms of explanation of erosion, the greatest need is for a full recognition of the importance of socio-economic drivers. The accession of new countries to the EU with different economic and land-use histories emphasises this need. Too often we have left people, especially the farmers, out of the picture. Our approach could be characterised as ‘data-rich and people-poor’.
