b. the pH of the stroma must be higher than the pH of the thylakoid lumen
<h3><u>Explanation</u>;</h3>
<em><u>Energy from an electron transport chain is used to actively transport protons from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen. Thus the lumen has a relatively higher proton concentration and therefore a lower pH than the stroma.</u></em>
Higher [H+] means lower pH, while Lower [H+] means higher pH. During the process of photosynthesis, the lumen becomes acidic, as low as pH 4, compared to pH 8 in the stroma.
Homeostasis is the term use to describe the internal stability needed for survival of an organism, including humans and animals while equilibrium is narrow to specific mechanisms.
To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do most of the work in our bodies. Each DNA sequence that contains instructions to make a protein is known as a gene.
Glaciers cause erosion by plucking and abrasion. Glaciers deposit their sediment when they melt. Landforms deposited by glaciers include drumlins, kettle lakes, and eskers.
