Explanation:
Hemophilia is a disease that is characterized by an abnormal blood clotting process. There are many different proteins that are involved in the clotting process and a single mutation or change in one of them could result in serious effects. Hemophilia is characterized by an abnormal version of one of the many proteins involved in the clotting process, the proteins that are commonly affected are the coagulation factor 8 or 9 (VIII or IX). These abnormal proteins are caused by a mutation in the gene (within the DNA) that codifies for the production of each protein. In other words, a mutation in the part of the DNA, (gene F8) will lead to a dysfunctional coagulation factor VIII and a mutation in the gene F9 will lead to a dysfunctional coagulation factor IX. Importantly, these mutations could be inherited and could cause hemophilia. Therefore, an error in the DNA and subsequently, an error in the protein will cause hemophilia. Finally, it is important to mention that there are other types of hemophilia that are not caused by the above-mentioned mutations, such as acquired hemophilia.
If the DNA polymerase did nothing special when a mispairing occurred between an incoming deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate and the DNA template, the wrong nucleotide would often be incorporated into the new DNA chain, producing frequent mutations. The high fidelity of DNA replication, however, depends not only on complementary base-pairing but also on several “proofreading” mechanisms that act sequentially to correct any initial mispairing that might have occurred.
Whale shark reproduction can be by laying eggs that is also called oviparity where the female deposits eggs in the algae or rocks. The embryos formed inside the eggs and feed on the yolk. They can also reproduce through viviparity which means by giving birth just like mammals wherein they are born fully formed. This reproduction process is through the placental link to the eggs wherein the yolk sac grows within a placenta that is connected to the wall of the uterus and gives the offspring the nutrients vital for their growth. Another reproduction process is through Ovoviviparity where eggs are formed inside the mother where the eggs hatch within the oviduct of the female and the young feed on the egg yolk of the yolk sac and the fluids that the walls of the oviduct secrete since the mother does not provide any food directly. Once the eggs are ready, eggs hatch inside the mother and it pups keep getting food from their surroundings until they are fully developed. The number of their offspring and the length of the gestation periods varies according to the species. Probably a female of some species may have only two offspring, but some other species may have between forty and eighty. The small sharks have shorter gestation period compared to large species that last from three to four months or up to more than two years. The large ones reproduce every two years, while the little ones have offspring each year. This is why the reproduction process of whale shark is not known in detail.
Answer:
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
