If a person falls asleep while talking, riding a bike, standing or while doing physical activities, it should not be taken casually. It is a sign of a severe sleep disorder.
Narcolepsy is a neurological condition where the brain's ability to control the sleep-wake cycle is disrupted. In such case the patient can fall into Rem sleep after falling asleep for 90 minutes.
Nolan's behavior indicates that he is suffering from Narcolepsy and must consult a sleep clinic.
Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
The correct answer is by facilitated diffusion.
The procedure of continuous passive transport of ions or molecules through a semi-permeable membrane with the help of particular transmembrane integral proteins is known as facilitated or passive-mediated transport or facilitated diffusion.
It is a modification of osmosis incorporating a proteinaceous channel via which an extracellular solute can enter a cell in the absence of energy.
