Answer:
A mutation that changes the first letter to 'C' is called<u> Frameshift mutation.</u>
Explanation:
- <u> FRAMESHIFT MUTATION </u> -: A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation of a number of nucleotides caused by indels (insertions or deletions) in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) The addition or deletion may alter the reading frame (the grouping of codons) due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons resulting in a completely different translation from the root. A frameshift mutation, instead of being added or removed, is not the same as a single-nucleotide polymorphism in which a nucleotide is substituted. In general, a frameshift mutation will cause the reading of the codons to code for various amino acids after the mutation. The first stop codon ("UAA", "UGA" or "UAG") encountered in the series would also change the frameshift mutation. The polypeptide that is formed will be abnormally short or abnormally long, and most likely will not be functional.
- Hence, the answer is<u> Frameshift Mutation</u>.
The abrupt breaking of rocks or explosions, fro example an earthquake or Nuclear bomb.
Explanation:
<u>anaerobic process that restores NAD+ supply
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Within cells, aerobic respiration may not occur due to several factors:
- - a lack of inorganic, final electron acceptors
- -incomplete or lack of a complete electron transport system
- -missing genes for enzymes within the Kreb's cycle
Thus, they utilize other means for the generation of energy in the form of ATP and to replenish NAD+ an oxidized form of NADH, the main electron carrier in glycolysis. Pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm via glycolysis- it is also used as an electron acceptor in a process called fermentation.
Further Explanation:
overall: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP
In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate( through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm).
Oxidative phosphorylation describes a process in which the NADH and FADH2 made in previous steps of respiration process give up electrons in the electron transport chain these are converted it to their previous forms, NADH+ and FAD. Electrons continue to move down the chain the energy they release is used in pumping protons out of the matrix of the mitochondria.
This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water...
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm 2 molecules of ATP are used to cleave glucose into 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 electron carrying NADH molecules. (2 ATP are utilized for a net ATP of 2)
- The Citric acid or Kreb's cycle: in the mitochondrial matrix- 6 molecules of CO2 are produced by combining oxygen and the carbon within pyruvate, 2 ATP oxygen molecules, 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.
- The electron transport chain, ETC: in the inner mitochondrial membrane, 34 ATP, electrons combine with H+ split from 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, renewing the number of electron acceptors and 3 oxygen; this forms 6 H2O, 10 NAD+, 4 FAD.
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Natural selection can cause speciation, which increases the biodiversity of an ecosystem. Several bacterial colonies are placed on a petri dish that contains agar with antibiotics. After 24 hours, ninety percent of the original bacteria die, but the remaining ten percent survive and later reproduce.
Answer:Atoms of nonmetals have a tendency to gain or share electrons when they react.
Explanation: Non-metals are elements that gain electron to form negatively charged ions known as anions.
When non-metals react, they either gain/accept electron from a metal atom or share electron with another non-metal atom. When a non-metal accepts an electron from a metal atom, the type of bond formed is called ionic or electrovalent bond. In electrovalent bond, the metal atom transfers its valence electrons to the non-metal atom so that both attain a stable octet or duplet structure.
When a non-metal shares electron with another non-metal atom, the type of bond formed is known as covalent bond. In covalent bond, the two non-metal atoms share a pair of electron, each atom donating one electron to form a pair.
