4. The Roman Empire
( Muslim Empire is not a thing)
for better research go to under NOAA - Climate.gov
This is a short paraphrased summary of the article about ice cores in that website.
Answer: Researchers in labs may melt or crush bits of the ice core a little at a time, each deeper layer shows the time in the Earth's climate history. Tiny pieces of pollution, metals, radoiactive fallout, pebbles, sea salt, volcanic ash and even air bubbles all present important information that researchers can look for to track changes in the atmosphere's composition and temperature.
Friction and Tectonic
Chemical Weathering
Physical Weathering
Wind and Water Erosion
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http://classroom.synonym.com/natural-activities-work-break-down-rock-16920.html
I know that we aren't suppose to paste websites but I believe that this information is necessary, I hope this helped, sorry!</span>