Photosynthesis is a continuous cycle because plants constantly receive light, carbon dioxide, and water (assuming they're not kept in a dark room) to make glucose and release oxygen. Cellular respiration is a continuous cycle because as long as plants continue making glucose, ATP synthase continues.
Answer:
1.A single band of intermediate density.
Explanation:
According to semiconservative model of DNA replication, the two strands of one DNA molecule separate at the time of replication and each strand acts a template for a new strand. So, the resulting new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand.
Here, the E coli cells were grown originally in 14N medium. So all the DNA molecules had 14N strands. When they were transferred to a 15N medium, only 15N was available then for further replications. In the first round of replication in new medium, all the old 14N strands (14N14N) separated and formed a new strand each using 15N. Hence all the resulting DNA molecules had one 14N strand and one 15N strand (14N15N).
Since 14N is of lighter density and 15N is of heavier density, 14N15N strands will give band of intermediate density. Since after one round of replication all DNA molecules will be 14N15N, there will be only one band of intermediate density.
The energy available for the second-level consumers is <u>4756.5 </u>kilocalories.
A trophic level is a position in the food chain or nutrient cycle of an ecosystem. Based on their eating habits, organisms in a food chain are divided into various levels. The first trophic level is usually occupied by producers that can synthesize their own food.
The efficient energy transfer from one trophic to another is only 10% rest of the energy is lost in the ecosystem. The studies of the transfer of energy in different food chains in a large number of ecosystems have revealed a uniform pattern, which is stated as the 10 percent law by Lindemann. According to this law, only 10 percent of the energy entering a particular trophic level of organisms is available for transfer to the next higher trophic level.
Calculation:
Producers (475650 kilocalories) —> Primary consumers (10% of 475650 = 47565 kilocalories) —> Secondary consumers (10% of 47565 = 4756.5 kilocalories).
So, the energy available for second-level consumers is 4756.5 kilocalories.
Know more about energy transfer in trophic levels
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The answer is protect the body from infection by pathogens
The physical barrier is made of epithelial cells, mostly will be keratinized to increase their sturdiness further. They will impede the pathogen physically by barricading the cells, makes the pathogen could not invade deeper part of the body. Histamine and antibodies should be the role of immune cells, not epithelial.
